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禁烟
汉译英
我国控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻尽管我们在控烟和禁烟方面做了大量工作，取得了一定成效，但控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻。
一、普遍对烟草烟雾危害性认识存在四大误区。禁烟难、难禁烟，主要是对烟草烟雾的危害不认识或认识不足，甚至把吸烟说成好处多、贡献大、危害小、不伤害他人。这些错误的认识包括:吸烟“好处多”。很多烟民认为，吸烟可以消除疲劳、解除烦闷、振奋精神、刺激情绪;吸烟可以防止虫叮蚊咬，以毒攻毒消除某些病害;吸烟可以社交联谊、广交朋友、潇洒浪漫;吸烟可以帮助大脑启发思考、写作带来灵气等。 吸烟“贡献大”。吸烟是为国家做贡献、创造财富、增加税收、脱贫致富、解决就业。没有烟民，国家哪能每年收入几千个亿元税收，解决上千万人的就业，国家应感谢烟民，从而为吸烟找到所谓正当理由。
吸烟“无大害”。许多烟民和社会公众认为吸烟有点害但无大害。主要是尼古丁的毒害，这种毒害也是轻微的、漫长的、潜移默化的，只要自己身体好无大害，你看某位亲人一辈子吸烟活到九十九，不影响健康长寿。
其实，一些烟民只知道吸烟对人体的呼吸系统有影响，不知道烟雾中含有 4000 多种化学物质;只知道吸烟可能致癌，不知道烟雾中至少有 40 多种致癌物质;只知道吸烟有害，不知道烟雾还有毒，烟雾中含有许多有毒有害致病物质，如烟碱、二氧化氮、氢氰酸、丙烯醛、砷、铅、汞等。烟雾对人群的危害超过工业污染的化学气体，对人体的大脑、心肺、肝、脾、胃、肾，对人体的性功能、生殖功能都有不同程度的伤害，甚至将严重影响生育繁衍质量。
吸烟“不伤害他人”。这是在公共场所和工作场所禁烟难的一个重要原因。烟民错误地认为，吸烟是自己的权利，自己的自由，不受他人干涉。对于烟雾污染环境、污染空气质量，对二手烟、三手烟、主动吸烟、被动吸烟造成对他人健康侵害和享有清新空气的环境权的侵害不认知、不支持，我行我素。有的认为有点影响问题也不大，缺乏共同营造文明环境的思想和道德素质。
二、控烟、禁烟法律法规不健全不完善。近年来，一些地方政府和行政管理部门曾对吸烟的范围从维护公众健康的角度做出了一些行政规定，但对控烟与健康做出发展规划，以及对设臵吸烟区(室)、禁止吸烟标志、限制做烟制品广告宣传等做出相应规定，执行和落实的都不够理想。
在奥运会期间，应该说执行得很好，基本上实行无烟奥运，受到各国运动员的好评。但是在奥运会、残奥会结束后，这些规定的执行没有很好延续下来，巩固发扬成效，反而出现反弹。
在控烟、禁烟的执法过程中经常遇到 4 个突出问题:一是行政执法主体不明确，执行范围界定不严格，执法部门的力量、经费等不能适应执法要求;二是执法的惩罚规定不明确，对违法违规者不能执行惩罚影响执法力度和法规的权威性;三是社会监督没有形成氛围;四是执法效果不明显。
公众参与控烟活动不广泛不深入，尚未引起社会的高度关注。控烟和在公共场所禁烟，不只是对烟民而言，要烟民戒烟需要社会、烟制品行业、每个社会公民的共同努力才能实现，更多的是关爱、理解、支持和帮助，和谐共建无烟公共场所。
中国的控烟禁烟工作开展的比较晚，但通过立法来实施公共场所无烟化已是大势所趋，并得到社会和公众的共识。目前，一些少数省市从行政法规的角度提出控烟和禁烟的规定。但国家尚无一部在一定范围内实行控烟、禁烟的法律。据了解，国家已在做这方面的准备工作，我们相信到 2011 年国家承诺到期时间会有相应的法律出台，推动中国禁烟工作深入开展。
参考译文：
Tobacco Control Remains a Daunting/Grim/Grave/Formidable/Huge Challenge For all the commendable efforts and visible differences made so far, China still has an uphill battle to fight before the tobacco epidemic is controlled and eventually banned within its territory.
1. Misconceptions of how tobacco smoke endangers/harms public health. Tobacco control seems a mission impossible in least because the general public has little, if any, knowledge about how hazardous tobacco smoke can be. In some cases, tobacco use is even misinterpreted as being physically empowering and economically beneficial with negligent threat to those exposed to second-hand smoke.
Among other misunderstandings, tobacco use is believed to be “rewarding in many ways”. For many tobacco users, cigarettes are a real remedy for /the best bet to fight fatigue and frustration and a truly stimulating booster/refreshing stimulator. As they understand it, tobacco can be used to dispel annoying mosquitoes and other bugs, and it can even serve as a painkiller for some ailments. Tobacco use is widely seen as sexy, stylish and sociable.
On top of that, some even argue that tobacco use can boost brain power and inspire writing. Tobacco use “makes strong economic sense”. Those tobacco defenders make a strong case for tobacco use, arguing that tobacco production, manufacturing and consumption create wealth and add tax revenue to the state coffer, create jobs and help lift many out of poverty.
Tobacco ban means, according to them, a multi-billion-yuan loss in tax revenue each year and tens of millions of job losses at the same time. In this sense, it is the hardcore tobacco users that the country owes a lot to, they say. Tobacco use “causes little harm, if at all”, a view echoed by many users and the wider general public. They believe that tobacco use is harmful mainly due to the presence of nicotine, which is at most negligently toxic and takes an incremental health toll only. To substantiate their argument that tobacco use is compatible with longevity if one is born to be healthy, some even cite their family members or relatives who happened to be lifelong tobacco addicts but still made it to very senior age.
As a matter of fact, some tobacco users are informed only about how tobacco use can affect people‟s respiratory system, but not about the fact that over 4000 kinds of chemicals can be found in tobacco smoke. They are warned of the epidemic being carcinogenic/cancer-causing, but not of the fact that at least 40 kinds of cancer-causing substances are lurking in the smoke. They know tobacco use is harmful, but they don‟t know that tobacco smoke is highly toxic with many pathogenic substances in it, including nicotine, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocyanic acid, acraldehyde, arsenic, lead and mercury. Tobacco smoke proves more dangerous than industrial air pollution, taking a varied toll on people‟s brain, heart, hung, liver, spleen, stomach and kidney, triggering sexual and procreative dysfunctions, and even leading to birth defects.
Tobacco use “does no harm to others”, a misconception that helps explain why smoke ban can hardly be imposed in public space and at work places. Tobacco users wrongly believe that they have the right to use tobacco, a freedom that defies intervention. They simply go their own way without knowledge or awareness of how their selfish enjoyment pollutes the air, how cigarette use endangers the health of those who are passively exposed to tobacco smoke, and how they have infringed upon others‟ right to enjoy fresh air. Some of them argue that tobacco use is harmful, but in a rather limited way. Their one-sided perception highlights how they lack the drive to hold themselves to high ethical and moral standards needed to build a healthy environment for all.
2. Laws and regulations on tobacco control remain to be improved/China has yet to provide a strong and well-developed legal framework for tobacco control. Local authorities and regulators have, in recent years, outlined/rolled out administrative regulations on tobacco use limitations for the sake of public health. Pro-health programs have been developed to limit tobacco use, and directives (have been) engineered/framed/established to mark out/delimit smoking sections, post no-smoking signs, and restrict advertising and promotion.
That said, much remains to be done when it comes to implementation on the ground.
Beijing won wide acclaim from the international athletic community during the proceedings of the Olympic Games in 2008 thanks to rigorous implementation of tobacco control measures that resulted in a “no-tobacco” Olympics. Yet, the best practice failed to persist following the Olympics and Paralympics, and tobacco use staged a come-back/rebounded.
Four challenges/deficiencies stand out when it comes to law-enforcement on tobacco control. First, there is no clear division as to who is accountable for law-enforcement, no rigorous definition of jurisdiction, and inadequacy of task forces and funds for law-enforcement.Second, there is no clearly defined regulation on punishment. Resulting impunity undermines the authoritativeness of law-enforcement forces and regulations. Third, there is not yet an enabling/empowering culture of public supervision. Fourth, there are no visible differences/results from law-enforcement operations to date.
The lack of public involvement in tobacco control fails to feature prominently on thepriority list. Tobacco control and a total ban in public space call for greater care, understanding, support and commitment of not only tobacco users, but the wider civil society and manufacturers. Each and every citizen needs to contribute to a tobacco-free, harmonious environment for all.
As a late-starter in tobacco control endeavors, China is already seeing a defining trend of and growing consensus on building smoking-free public space by virtue of legislation.
At this point, a few provincial and municipal governments have developed administrative regulations on tobacco control, but there is no law of this nature at the state level. Thankfully, the central government is already working on this, and we may as well expect one by 2011, the promised deadline. By then, we will have a law to go by in the fight against the epidemic/public health threat down the road.
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