减词法
在很多情况下，英汉词汇的语义范围往往有宽窄之分，并非一一对应。如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语宽，英译汉时要采用增词法，使原文中隐含的意思得以充分表达。反之，如果英语词汇的语义范围比汉语窄，英译汉时则要采用减词法。例如：
1) It is pointed out that the sheer increase in quantity of products has imposed an enormous cost on society in the form of pollution, crowding, proliferation of wastes that need disposal, and debilitating psychological and social effects.
一味地追求产品数量的增长已经让社会付出了巨大的代价。比如环境污染，交通拥挤，需特殊处理废物的激增，以及由此造成的负面的心理及社会影响。(增词法)
2) The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and women is happiness, and the difficulty is that envy is itself a terrible obstacle to happiness.
对于普通人而言，治疗妒忌的惟一办法是快乐，然而困难在于，妒忌本身就是快乐的巨大障碍。(减词法)
同样，当汉语词义比英语宽，汉译英时也要采用增词法;反之，当汉语词义比英语窄，汉译英时则要采用减词法。例如：
3) 其经营活动多限于市场调查、信息沟通和采购销售等。
Such an office's activities might be limited to market research, purchasing.(减词法)
4) 看粮食，要看中国的农业;看农业，首先要看市场。
To have a better understanding of the food situation in China we must take a full view of her agriculture, and to know the agriculture we must first look at the food market. (增词法)
communications , sales and
5) 我们确定搞两个开放：一个是对内开放，一个是对外开放。
We have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely to open both within the nation and to the world.(增词法)
英语中大量使用抽象名词，概括力强，词义范围宽;汉语则相对比较具体，常常以实的形式表示虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。因此，英译汉时，通常需要把抽象概念具体化，或添加表示某种范畴的名词，如：状况、情形、场面、性质、情感、问题、结果、方式、做法，等等。例如：
9) After all preparations were made, the plane took off.
一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。
10) Nevertheless, they all emphasize that pollution of air and water, noise and congestion, and the mechanization of the work process are very real and very serious problems.
然而他们一致强调：水和空气污染，噪音，交通拥挤，机械性的工作等问题的确是很严重的现实问题。
11) Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research.
与此同时，各学校正采取行动改变教学与科研之间不平衡的现状。
反之，汉译英时，则往往不考虑汉语中的这类范畴词，把整个名词词组译成英语中的抽象名词即可，否则就有画蛇添足之嫌。例如：
12) 再次，若中方向现有美国公司投资，则可通过技术许可，设备出口，研发合作等方式，得到所需技术。
In addition, if a Chinese company invests in an existing U.S. company, the U.S. company might serve as a source of desirable technology for China, through licensing agreements, exports of equipment, and joint research and development arrangements.
13) 她的朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后，主动伸出援助之手。
After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand.
14) 前怕狼后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。
“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind” will not produce cadres.
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2018的考试也不远了，考生们要好好复习了哦！
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